国内外化学相异构想研究的进展与启示*

国内外有关化学学科的相异构想研究主要包括对学生相异构想进行诊断及其原因分析,以及开发有效的教学模式或策略对学生相异构想进行概念转变。通过对国内外相关研究现状的分析,为相异构想的后续研究提供思路。     

思维导图促进分析化学课堂思政教学的探索——以“酸碱滴定法基本原理”为例

在分析化学课程的教学中,通过充分发掘其中的思政元素,将其与教学内容进行有机结合,达到育人的目的。通过引入思维导图教学法,搭建思政元素与教学内容的桥梁,学生可以快速把握所学知识。通过学生的表现,分析教学效果,存在的问题等,为课堂思政与本科化学教学有机结合提供一定的借鉴。     

氨基酸官能团的太赫兹振动模式研究

对比于氨基酸的红外分析法,太赫兹波的电子能量更低,可实现无损检测。氨基酸分子内原子振动、分子间氢键的作用、以及晶体中晶格的低频振动均处于太赫兹波段,使其在太赫兹波段具有吸收峰,且不同的氨基酸分子太赫兹吸收峰不同,故可用氨基酸在太赫兹波段的这种“指纹特性”实现氨基酸类物质的定性分析。量子化学分析方法可以应用量子力学的基本原理和方法,研究稳定和不稳定分子的结构、性能及其之间的关系,还可以针对分子与分子间的相互作用、相互碰撞及相互反应等问题进行研究。通过量子化学计算方法计算氨基酸分子的太赫兹吸收谱,可以为氨基酸分子的太赫兹吸收峰匹配分子振动模式,对氨基酸定性分析有一定参考性与指向性,并为实验获取的样品太赫兹时域光谱提供理论支撑,在实验获得太赫兹吸收谱的基础上进行量子化学计算,还能为实验结果进行验证。首先利用太赫兹时域光谱技术获取了谷氨酰胺、苏氨酸、组氨酸的太赫兹吸收谱,分别构建这三种氨基酸样品在实物中以两性离子形式存在的单分子构型,利用量子化学计算方法在完成结构优化后进行太赫兹吸收谱模拟计算。计算结果表明三种氨基酸单分子的太赫兹吸收谱计算结果与实验获取的太赫兹吸收谱差异较大,但在高频段吸收峰峰位基本吻合。通过GaussView分别查看了这三种氨基酸分子在太赫兹段内的吸收峰对应频率处的振转情况,发现在高频段内三种氨基酸分子官能团均只发生转动而未见振动,并且转动模式基本一致。通过对氨基酸官能团的太赫兹吸收谱进行量子化学计算,将官能团在高频段内吸收峰对应频率处的振转模式与三种氨基酸分子在该段内吸收峰对应频率处的振转模式做了对比。研究表明,在氨基酸单分子构型下由量子化学方法计算所得的太赫兹吸收谱中,高频段内计算得出的模拟吸收峰与实验获取的太赫兹吸收峰基本吻合;振转模式分析发现,谷氨酰胺、苏氨酸、组氨酸在太赫兹高频段内的氨基酸官能团振转模式相同,三种氨基酸分子在高频段内的吸收峰主要来源于氨基酸官能团。因此,结合量子化学计算与太赫兹吸收谱可以实现氨基酸类物质的定性分析。     

In vivo comprehensive multiphase NMR

Traditionally, due to different hardware requirements, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has developed as two separate fields: one dealing with solids, and one with solutions. Comprehensive multiphase (CMP) NMR combines all electronics and hardware (magic angle spinning [MAS], gradients, high power Radio Frequency (RF) handling, lock, susceptibility matching) into a universal probe that permits a comprehensive study of all phases (i.e., liquid, gel-like, semisolid, and solid), in intact samples. When applied in vivo, it provides unique insight into the wide array of bonds in a living system from the most mobile liquids (blood, fluids) through gels (muscle, tissues) to the most rigid (exoskeleton, shell). In this tutorial, the practical aspects of in vivo CMP NMR are discussed including: handling the organisms, rotor preparation, sample spinning, water suppression, editing experiments, and finishes with a brief look at the potential of other heteronuclei (²H, ¹⁵N, ¹⁹F, ³¹P) for in vivo research. The tutorial is aimed as a general resource for researchers interested in developing and applying MAS-based approaches to living organisms. Although the focus here is CMP NMR, many of the approaches can be adapted (or directly applied) using conventional high-resolution magic angle spinning, and in some cases, even standard solid-state NMR probes.     

Purity determination of a new antifungal drug candidate using quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy: Method validation and comparison of calibration approaches

Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) is an analytical technique that offers numerous advantages in pharmaceutical applications including minimum sample preparation and rapid data collection times with no need for response factor corrections, being a powerful tool for assaying drug content in both drug discovery and early drug development. In the present work, we have applied qNMR, using both the internal standard and the electronic reference to access in vivo concentrations 2 calibration methods, to assess the purity of RI76, a novel antifungal drug candidate. NMR acquisition and processing parameters were optimized in order to obtain spectra with intense, well-resolved signals of completely relaxed nuclei. The analytical method was validated following current guidelines, demonstrating selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The calibration approaches were statistically compared, and no significant difference was observed when comparing the obtained results and their dispersion in terms of relative standard deviation. The proposed qNMR method may, therefore, be used for both qualitative and quantitative assessments of RI76 in early drug development and for characterization of this compound.     

Flow Technology for the Genesis and Use of (Highly) Reactive Organometallic Reagents

In the field of organic synthesis, the advent of flow chemistry and flow microreactor technology represented a tremendous novelty in the way of thinking and performing chemical reactions, opening the doors to poorly explored or even impossible transformations using batch methods. In this Concept article, we would like to highlight the impact of flow chemistry for exploiting highly reactive organometallic reagents, and how, alongside the well-known advantages concerning safety, scalability, and productivity, flow chemistry makes possible processes that are impossible to control by using the traditional batch approach.     

Mechanistic Study of the Solvent-Dependent Formation of Extended and Stacked Supramolecular Polymers Composed of Bis(imidazolylporphyrinatozinc) Molecules

Bis(imidazolylporphyrinatozinc) molecules linked through a 1,3-butadiynylene moiety respond to the solvents they are dissolved in to afford exclusively extended (E) or stacked (S) supramolecular polymers. This system is expected to be a solvation/desolvation indicator. However, the principles underlying the solvent-dependent formation of the two types of polymers and the mechanism of the transformation between them are unclear. The formation of the polymers is considered to depend on the two types of complementary coordination bonds that can be formed and the π–π interactions between the porphyrins. In this study, the contributions and solvent dependence of both the coordination bonds and the π–π interactions have been investigated. The results clearly indicate that the coordination bonds are weakly or little solvent-dependent, and that the π–π interactions function effectively only in the inner porphyrins of the S-polymer and are strongly solvent-dependent. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the formation of the E- or S-polymer in solution is determined by the total energies and the type of solvent used. The transformation of the E- to S-polymer was investigated by gel permeation chromatography. The kinetics of the transformation were also determined. The role of the terminal imidazolylporphyrinatozinc moieties was also investigated: The results indicate that the transformation from the E- to S-polymer occurs by an exchange mechanism between the polymers, induced by attack of terminal free imidazolyl groups on a polymer to zinc porphyrins on other polymers.     

Electronic Transitions in Different Redox States of Trinuclear 5,6,11,12,17,18-Hexaazatrinaphthylene-Bridged Titanium Complexes: Spectroelectrochemistry and Quantum Chemistry

Multinuclear transition metal complexes bridged by ligands with extended π-electronic systems show a variety of complex electronic transitions and electron transfer reactions. While a systematic understanding of the photochemistry and electrochemistry has been attained for binuclear complexes, much less is known about trinuclear complexes such as hexaphenyl-5,6,11,12,17,18-hexaazatrinaphthylene-tristitanocene [(Cp₂Ti)₃HATN(Ph)₆]. The voltammogram of [(Cp₂Ti)₃HATN(Ph)₆] shows six oxidation and three reduction waves. Solution spectra of [(Cp₂Ti)₃HATN(Ph)₆] and of the electrochemically formed oxidation products show electronic transitions in the UV, visible and the NIR ranges. Density functional theory (DFT) and linear response time-dependent DFT show that the three formally titanium(II) centers transfer an electron to the HATN ligand in the ground state. The optically excited transitions occur exclusively between ligand-centered orbitals. The charged titanium centers only provide an electrostatic frame to the extended π-electronic system. Complete active self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculation on a structurally simplified model compound, which considers the multi-reference character imposed by the three titanium centers, can provide an interpretation of the experimentally observed temperature-dependent magnetic behavior of the different redox states of the title compound in full consistency with the interpretation of the electronic spectra.     

Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Click Cycloaddition to Desymmetrization of Maleimide‐Based Bis(alkynes)

A copper catalyst system derived from TaoPhos and CuF₂ was used successfully for catalytic asymmetric Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition of azides and alkynes to give optically pure products containing succinimide‐ and triazole‐substituted quaternary carbon stereogenic centers. The desired products were obtained in good yields (60–80 %) and 85:15 to >99:1 enantiomeric ratio (e.r.) in this click cycloaddition reaction.